Name and/or description of the framework |
Theoretical background |
Example of use in a systematic review |
Planning the review and formulating the review question |
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PaPaS guidance for preparing Cochrane reviews in pain, palliative and supportive care |
Moore RA, AUREF 2012, PaPaS author and referee guidance http://papas.cochrane.org/papas-documents |
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010 , Issue 1 . Art. No.: CD008242. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008242
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011 , Issue 3 . Art. No.: CD007938. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub2
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A rationale for formulating systematic review questions of complex interventions |
Squires JE, Valentine JC, Grimshaw JM. Systematic reviews of complex interventions: framing the review question. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2013 66:11; 1230-1243 |
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Variations on the PICO tool: PICOS (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study types) PECO (patient, exposure, comparison, outcomes, context)
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Davies, K. S. (2011). Formulating the evidence based practice question: a review of the frameworks. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice,6(2), 75-80. |
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PICOC (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) | Petticrew, M & Roberts H. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, Blackwell Publishing, 2005,ISBN 1405121106 | |
Alternatives to the PICO tool: |
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SPIDER (sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type) (For qualitative research) |
Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A.Beyond PICO: the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2012 Oct;22(10):1435-43. doi: 10.1177/1049732312452938. Epub 2012 Jul 24.
Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 Nov 21;14(1):579. [Epub ahead of print] |
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SPICE (setting, perspective, intervention, comparison, evaluation) (For qualitative research) | Booth A. Formulating answerable questions. In: Booth A, Brice A, editors. Evidence-based practice for information professionals: a handbook. London: Facet Publishing; 2004. p. 61-70.
Booth A. (2006). Clear and present questions: Formulating questions for evidence based practice.Library Hi Tech, 24(3), 355-368. doi:10.1108/07378830610692127 |
Malpass, A., Shaw, A., Sharp, D., Walter, F., Feder, G., Ridd, M., & Kessler, D. (2009). “Medication career” or “Moral career”? The two sides of managing antidepressants: A meta-ethnography of patients' experience of antidepressants. Social science & medicine, 68(1), 154-168.
Lewis, S. A., Noyes, J., & Mackereth, S. (2010). Knowledge and information needs of young people with epilepsy and their parents: Mixed-method systematic review. BMC pediatrics, 10(1), 103. |
ProPheT (problem, phenomenon, time) (For qualitative research) | Sutton A. Defining the scope. In: Booth A, Papaioannou A, Sutton A, eds. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review; 2011. London: Sage; 2011. | Bailey, C., Jones, D., & Goodall, D. (2014). What is the evidence of the experience of having a fall across the life course? A qualitative synthesis. Disability and Health Journal. |
ECLIPSE (Expectation, Client group, Location, Impact, Professionals, ServicE) (For health management topics) | ECLIPSE: A mnemonic to assist in searching for health policy/ management information. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 19, 113-115. | |
CIMO (Context, Intervention, Mechanism, Outcome) (For management questions/realist synthesis)
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Denyer D, Tranfield D, & Van Aken JE (2008). Developing design propositions through research synthesis. Organization Studies, 29(3), 393-413. doi:10.1177/0170840607088020 |
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FAME (Feasibility Appropriateness Meaningfulness Effectiveness) |
Pearson, A., Wiechula, R., & Lockwood, C. (2007). A re-consideration of what constitutes “evidence” in the healthcare professions. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 85-88.
Stern, C., Jordan, Z., & McArthur, A. (2014). Developing the Review Question and Inclusion Criteria. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 114(4), 53-56. |
Basu, J., McInerney, P., Stewart, A., & Myers, G. (2011). Choosing to have an illegal abortion in southern Africa: a comprehensive systematic review of the qualitative and text and opinion evidence. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 9(48 Suppl), S364-S374. |
SAMPLE - Elements of a Good Research Question: To determine whether you have a good research question, ask yourself: • – Is it Specific? • – Is it Answerable? • – Are there Measurable constructs? • – Is it Practical? Is it relevant for policy/practice? • – Is it Logical? Is it based on theory/logic model? • – Is it Empirical? Can answers be attained using observable evidence? |
Valentine, J.C. (2011). Problem Formulation. Campbell Collaboration Colloquium. George Mason University. |
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